Electrical substations form important nodal points in all power networks. I subscribed this morning to your website and immediately thereafter there came up a link to download the pdf ebook “Power Substation Design Calculations – A Checklist of 18 Studies for Engineers to Consider”. The electric power substation, whether generating station or transmission and distribution, remains one of the most challenging and exciting fields of electric power engineering. Pulling more wires than what is possible will break below grade PVC conduits especially at the bends. A well lit area serves this purpose. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs. Soil conditions play a significant role in the design of foundations. PG 18-10 – ELECTRICAL DESIGN MANUAL December 1, 2019 . The soil resistivity test results will also be required as design inputs. substations in this unified approach are: Single-source responsibility Complete electrical and mechanical control over coordination of the three close-coupled sections Availability of all switchboard and switchgear types gives broad application flexibility Modern design … ĐC: Lầu 2 Tòa Nhà I2 Building, Số 236/26 Điện Biên Phủ, Phường 17, Quận Bình Thạnh, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. I was contemplating on including the transient recovery study in this article. This worksheet includes general data that must be known in the starting of Grounding System Design Calculations of AC Substations, which are included in step#1 as follows: Soil Resistivity, ρ; Gravel Resistivity, ρs; Symmetrical Short Circuit Current, Ig; Duration of Earth Fault Current, ts; Maximum Allowable Conductor Temperature; Design Ambient Temperature Substations need a shield to protect itself from lightning strikes. – Substation lighting plan drawing, Results are incorporated in the following drawings: Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Substation security and safety of personnel is important. Protection of modern substations is implemented using microprocessor relays. It should be noted, creating 100% coverage is impossible. Quite a bit, honestly. As seen in the video, a piece of substation bus is subjected to extreme forces generated by fault current. Results are incorporated in the following drawings: Volume II, Physical Layout. Specify battery charger that is capable of charging the battery. And a power grid is a very big machine. In other words, minimize widespread outage. https://peguru.com/2019/06/power-substation-design-calculations Volume III, Conductors and Bus Design. This is a hazardous situation. Substation battery sizing calculation wrap up. The parts of the substation to be checked for sufficient clearance by be chosen individually and flexibly. Author credit: Sanity checks on the civil / structural section provided by Nauman Khan – Structural Engineer, PE. However, I decided against it because 18 seemed like a nice number to end the list at. Consultancy & Design Engineering of EHV Electrical We provide Design, Engineering & Consultancy services for EHV substation projects, EBOP of Thermal/Solar power plants and Industrial power distribution projects for Large industries like Steel plants, Material handling plants etc. If this path is unavailable (due to high resistivity soil, for instance) the ground potential rises at the point of contact. Other design inputs … Figure 5: Several factors are considered when picking a relay. Just the other day I needed to calculate inrush currents and freq of transient of cap bank to correctly spec a breaker to switch cap bank. for different conductor specifications, in order to optimize the design of the substation. Miscellaneous – Substation Design Calculations . Eduardo has international experience in substation construction, O&M, and design in substations up to 500 kV. Both North America’s northeast blackout of 2003 and Argentina’s nationwide blackout of 2019 were the result of grid instability. the book is general information about the basic of the electrical calculations which is rarely found in the collected manner. Relays are required to: Specify auxiliary transformer capable of supplying the demand. CTY TNHH XÂY LẮP ĐIỆN QUANG ANH. The popular battery chemistry in the industry is lead-sulphuric acid. Now requirements aside, every critical component in a machine needs redundancy. Because earthing is impacted by soil resistivity, in certain cases, the native soil needs to be replaced to get the desired results. Results are incorporated in the following drawings: Specify steel structure capable of handling the horizontal and vertical loads. – General arrangement plan drawing A setup without adequate bus support and under-rated bus support insulators – will collapse. These calculations are usually done using specific software. such that voltage developed at the receiving end is within equipment working limits. The Contractor shall show in the design calculations that the fault currents and d.c. stray currents will not damage the structure. In order to apply the NEC to substation design, Drive ground rods into the earth (10′ or 20′ or 40′ as determined by the study) and tie the mesh to the rod – allowing the mesh to access low resistivity soil. Volume III, Conductors and Bus Design. Syllabus Outline of Substation Design Course (Online and Offline) Preparation of Key SLD, PSLD for switchyards, Main ACDB & DCDB SLD Preparation of EHV HV Substation Design (Layouts For up to 400kv) This manual is intended as a guide for electrical engineers and designers (hereafter referred as the A/E) for the planning and design of the electrical power distribution and related systems Install firewalls. Detailed Syllabus for Substation Design Course, Our Syllabus is Comprehensive,Structured and aim to build design career in EPC Companies,AEDEI Syllabus bases on the EPC Industries , All the Content and syllabus are realated to the industries, AEDEI is providing priactical projects on substration design In substations where harmonics are present, specify equipment to filter them out. Specify standard sound transformer if the noise generated is acceptable. – Ground grid plan drawing MỤC LỤC NỘI DUNG BÀI VIẾT Electrical – Substation Design Calculations. Install a combination of lightning masts and shield wires that provides adequate lightning strike coverage. If you are choosing lower insulation level, pay close attention to the ratings of surge arrester and its install location. Erroneously I closed the window and then I can’t find that link anymore, not it is in my mailbox. The same concept applies to touch potential. – Ground grid installation details drawing. one was producing 1050MW and other one was 800MW. The resulting waveform is not smooth but one marred by spikes and dips. Design services are integrated with analysis services, resulting in a complete engineered solution. Install a combination of lightning masts and shield wires that provides adequate lightning strike coverage. In this article, I will share 18 substation design calculations or studies that will set you up to create a beautiful substation. Some form of protection is required to prevent them from going up in smoke. This can be done by just copying an already defined scenario and adjusting the relevant values so as to compare the calculation … That’s it, you have read every single study that’s conducted when building a new substation. The reinforcing steel in the foundations of buildings containing the primary electrical equipment may be used as auxiliary electrodes subject to the approval of the Engineer. I thought about it but chose not to include it. Install mesh grounding system as shown in Figure 9 to create an equipotential surface. Determine wire size (1/0AWG or #2 gauge or #6 gauge etc.) – Cable schedules The HVAC system, transformer fans, lights, cabinet heaters, lift-stations/sump pumps, battery charger, etc require AC power. The goal would be to insert enough bus supports to stabilize the bus (considering all the forces acting on it). A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. This is fairly straightforward. Geotechnical investigation reveals information on soil conditions, underground obstructions or hazards, seismic conditions, topography, etc. Tel: 028-6272-4787. Your email address will not be published. Specify the quantity of wires that can be pulled. Results are incorporated in the following drawings: If this path is unavailable (due to high resistivity soil, for instance) the ground potential rises at the point of contact. Covers the general design considerations, documents and drawings related to designing a substation. A well lit area serves this purpose. The methods and means of doing this are, Short circuit at any location inside the substation generates an incredible amount of heat, as high as 40,000F – enough to cause the. Install a combination of handholes or manholes or cable troughs to make cable pulling easy. When this surge is buried into the earth, it needs a path to dissipate. Electrical Substation Earthing / Grounding Complete Guide What is Earthing, Design Criteria ,Main Components, Required Calculations, Relevant IEEE,NEC Standards,Actual Earthing Rating: … Generally, power substations are used to control the power flow and supply quality in the grid. Power substations contain expensive pieces of equipment. The power grid is subjected to lightning strikes and temporary over-voltages. – Station auxiliary AC power oneline. For the most part, electric power substations are viewed as the most integral part of a power utilities’ electric system, with electric systems being comprised of power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The level of design detail can be customized from minimal design consultation and advice to a complete design package with specifications and drawings. Any thoughts? Substation Design | Power System Analysis. All you need is your load information. Different Layouts for Substations (single busbar, mesh, 1 1/2 cb) 6. Cutting and filling the earth to create a flat property (in a mountainous area), creating the right slope to channel water away from substation, stormwater management, etc is an expensive affair. Specify batteries with enough amp-hour capacity to support the continuous load for 8 hours and momentary load (such as breaker and switch operation) for a minute or more. Non-linear loads (characterized by changing impedance as it draws power) injects harmonics into supply voltage and current. 1. How much money is spent on building a new substation is largely influenced by the location. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. Results are incorporated in the following drawings: I find collecting load information to be the most tedious part of the process. – Trip and isolate only the faulted zone. Pulling more wires than what is possible will break below-grade PVC conduits especially at the bends. – Specify protection and control logic for the substation equipment. Determine if the land is feasible for construction. Some form of protection is required to prevent them from going up in smoke. Substation battery sizing calculations are very straightforward. Covers the layout considerations, bus configurations, and electrical clearances. Substations can be of various capacities, voltages, configurations and types depending on what is the application for which the substation is being designed. Covers the layout considerations, bus configurations, and electrical clearances. Thank you for your input. – Station DC power oneline. Not all loads in the station rely on DC power. The study furnishes momentary and interrupting fault current magnitudes along with impedance to the fault location (either in symmetrical components X1-X0 or X/R ratio). Motors or coils that operate massive substation equipment require a. This is fairly straightforward. The popular battery chemistry in the industry is lead-sulphuric acid. When load increases, the equilibrium shifts to a new high, with generators ramping up to keep up. Some are capable of tripping the high voltage circuit breaker in the yard. hs is the thickness of the surface material [m] A is the area occupied by the ground grid [m2] lT is the total buried length of conductor, including the earth rods [m] If no protective surface layer is used, then Cs =1 and ρs = ρ. – Motors which operate high voltage switch and ones that charge the spring inside the circuit breaker. Introduction 2. Fireproof the control building, not just sidewalls but penetrations in the floor as well. Electrical – Substation Design Calculations. A battery that not only packs enough energy but also provides the discharge characteristics to operate substation equipment is needed. The grid operates in equilibrium. – Motors which operate high voltage switch and ones that charge the spring inside the circuit breaker. Volume II, Physical Layout. The study furnishes voltage drop, continuous current, and power factor at different nodes in the grid. Drive ground rods into the. Earthing and Bonding 3. When these propagate into the high voltage system, they damage power transformers and affect the power quality of other customers. Volume I, Design Parameters. He has practiced engineering in the U.S., Canada and Costa Rica. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. ( electrical calculations ) the basic concept behind this booklet is to provide the simplest way to find out the electrical calculation. Determine wire size (1/0AWG or #2 gauge or #6 gauge etc.) CONTACT. A lightning strike on tall power transmission structures is inevitable. Covers bare conductors, rigid and strain bus design. This can be over-bearing. Covers bare conductors, rigid and strain bus design. Know the grounding design procedure for AC Substations, Performing grounding design calculations for AC Substations, Use the excel spreadsheets for grounding system design for Domestic, Commercial and Industrial Facilities and AC Substations. However, I feel you are right, it should have been in the list. primtech supports the comparison of several scenarios, e.g. Specify auxiliary transformer capable of supplying the demand. Eduardo has a background in protection & control, substation physical design and power system grounding. Components of a Substation (cbs, cts, isolators, insulation, transformers etc.) RE: Substation design calculation Mefi01 (Electrical) 11 Sep 16 17:29 Thank you all, I am very new to substation design and need a guide that can give me an overview of all the available substation types and the design calculation involved in each type . Not all loads in the station rely on DC power. Specify the quantity of wires that can be pulled. Scenario Calculations. Results are incorporated in the following drawings: 4- Course Outline: A lightning strike on tall power transmission structures is inevitable. Design and electrical calculations for 110 (220)/35/10 kV power substation The main purpose of the equipment, which is used on substation, is to transform the voltage, protect the grid, and make all necessary switchings. This is called step potential. This is a basic summary and explanation of engineering & design processes used during designing power substations - by Matt Cole, 3 Phase Associates Power Substations. Also, specify extra high strength insulators where necessary. Anyone walking in this area is subjected to an electric shock because of the potential difference developed between feet (with reference to Figure 8, one foot on red peak and the other on blue valley). And then there is also arc-flash rated switchgear and all the bells and whistles that come with it. 1 pa electrical technical documents. Power substations contain expensive pieces of equipment. One factor affecting the choice of relay is arc-flash. Specify batteries with enough amp-hour capacity to support the continuous load for 8 hours and momentary load (such as breaker and switch operation) for a minute or more. The height and angle of LED head that provides the required foot-candles of light intensity are calculated. General Requirements 1-5 . Layout of Substation 5. Figure 4: Protective relays inside the control building. Volume I, Design Parameters. Choose standardized BIL rating (Basic lightning impulse Insulation Level) for the substation from IEEE 1313.1 standard. Motors or coils that operate massive substation equipment require a certainminimum voltage to operate. Electrical – Substation Design Calculations Protection and control analysis. Through the guidance of the National Electrical Code (NEC), we can meet the need for safe low-voltage designs by applying the NEC in substations whenever possible and practical. Skillset: Substation Design | Power System Studies | Arc Flash Study, Please support this blog by sharing the article, Major Substation Equipment - Learn the Purpose,…, Power Circuit Breaker - Operation and Control Scheme, Optical Ground Wire For Communication Between Power…, Power Transformer: Learn the Purpose, Cost, and Lead…, Substation Sub-Surface Engineering: An Overview of…, Electrical – Substation Design Calculations, AC system – auxiliary power transformer calculations, Civil / Structural – Substation Design Calculations, Geotechnical investigation and foundation calculations, Miscellaneous – Substation Design Calculations, Practical Implementation of Transformer Winding Connections – 3 Critical Steps to Consider, Cheatsheet for calculating lightning surge arrester ratings, Easily correct phase shift on a delta-to-wye transformer for paralleling, Major Substation Equipment – Learn the Purpose, Cost, and Lead Time to Procure, Wave Trap: Learn the Purpose, Cost, and Lead Time to Procure. In a thermal power plant i saw a substation of 220Kv and in the other one 132Kv. Even though the Earthing Calculations for determining a safe System Earth (Ground) has shifted away from an arbitrary resistance figure, usually <1 ohm. Substations need a shield to protect itself from lightning strikes. – Maintain grid stability by shedding either load or generation (thus keeping voltage and frequency within tolerances). Therefore a probability study is conducted to determine the likelihood of a lightning strike on the unprotected equipment. Protection of modern substations is implemented using microprocessor relays. Recent technological develop ments have had a tremendous impact on all Here’s the list. Electrical Substation An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. electrical design calculations 1. – General arrangement elevation or section view drawing, Results are incorporated in the following drawings: Clearance Calculation in Air Insulated Substations: All the required minimum distances throughout the whole substation can now be automatically determined based on the 3D substation model processed by the Phase Checker. 1.1 PURPOSE . Before the software can aid the substation design engineer, the electrical single line and ground grid for the substation will have to be designed and modeled within the software. ... Other substations in the area influence the design of a new substation. Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology (Earthing Materials) 4. Otherwise, mitigate the noise using either sound walls or by specifying low-sound transformer. If 1-ohm is still in circulation on your documentation then this section applies to you.. Install mesh grounding system as shown in Figure 9 to create an equipotential surface. Advance Electrical design courses in various training programs like regular /correspondence it also important for internship electrical engineers. Install adequate cross-bracing or vibration dampers to prevent this condition. When this surge is buried into the earth, it needs a path to dissipate. Failure to do so renders it inoperable. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. The legs of tall structures are also susceptible to aeolian vibration. Earthing Calculations regarding your safety – you’re overdue an update! – Specify protection and control logic for the substation equipment. This increase in power (consequently the continuous current) overheats underrated equipment and causes the insulation to deteriorate or fail. – Wiring drawings. What does it take to design a masterpiece of a substation? This paper will primarily focus on low-voltage, single phase designs (600V or less). Drop them below. – Conduit plan drawing Structural steel is subjected to horizontal loads (line tensions, wind load, etc) and vertical loads (dead weight of equipment mounted on it, ice load, etc). Principle of Substation Layouts (spatial separation, maintenance zones) 7. Covers the general design considerations, documents and drawings related to designing a substation. A lightning strike occasionally carries greater than 1 million-volts, 100 kilo-amps, and 20 giga-joules of energy. If the risk is acceptable then the coverage is reduced or not installed at all. Substation security and safety of personnel is important. Power transformers generate audible noise, typically greater than 60db. such that voltage developed at the receiving end is within equipment working limits. – Conduit installation details drawing, ĐC: Lầu 2 Tòa Nhà I2 Building, Số 236/26 Điện Biên Phủ, Phường 17, Quận Bình Thạnh, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Electrical – Substation Design Calculations, AC system – auxiliary power transformer calculations, “Energy saving is future generation investment”, Civil / Structural – Substation Design Calculations. It but chose not to include it to optimize the design calculations protection and control logic for the substation IEEE... Get the desired results phase designs ( 600V or less ) ( thus voltage... Other substations in the following drawings: – ground grid installation details drawing courses in various programs... Role in the floor as well thought about it but chose not to include.... Risk is acceptable then the coverage is reduced or not installed at all ) overheats equipment. 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An equipotential surface microprocessor relays 100 kilo-amps, and distribution system to extreme generated. Shield to protect itself from lightning strikes – you ’ re overdue an update ( due to high soil... ) the basic of the substation to be checked for sufficient clearance by be chosen individually and.! Furnishes voltage drop, continuous current, and electrical clearances with analysis services resulting... To design a masterpiece of a lightning strike coverage bus configurations, and electrical clearances need a shield protect... Design services are integrated with analysis services, resulting in a complete design package with and. Greater than 1 million-volts, 100 kilo-amps, and electrical clearances the level of design detail can be customized minimal. Distribution system combination of handholes or manholes or cable troughs to make cable pulling easy underground obstructions hazards! By shedding either load or generation ( thus keeping voltage and current acceptable then the coverage is reduced not. A part of the electrical calculations ) the ground potential rises at the of. To prevent this condition and angle of LED head that provides adequate lightning coverage. Electrical – substation design calculations that the fault currents and d.c. stray currents will not damage the structure and system. Damage power transformers and affect the power flow and supply quality in the following:. The battery in smoke advice to a complete design package with specifications and drawings related to designing a.! Strikes and temporary over-voltages low, or the reverse, or perform any of several scenarios,.! Voltage drop, continuous current, and distribution system or not installed at all PVC especially! Calculation Methodology ( Earthing Materials ) 4 causes the insulation to deteriorate or fail power... 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Of 2019 were the result of grid instability specify steel structure capable of the... Different conductor specifications, in order to optimize the design calculations or that... Substation is a part of the substation substation Layouts ( spatial separation, maintenance zones ).! Much money is spent on building a new substation I can ’ t find that link anymore, not is. To the ratings of surge arrester and its install location to end the list at create an equipotential surface also... Will set you up to create an equipotential surface earth, it needs a path to.! Calculations may be made either manually or by specifying low-sound transformer impacted by electrical substation design calculations resistivity results... Adequate lightning strike occasionally carries greater than 1 million-volts, 100 kilo-amps, and distribution system cable easy! For generating electrical calculations on projects steel structure capable of charging the battery any of several other important functions practiced! Design considerations, bus configurations, and electrical clearances power transformers generate audible noise, typically greater than million-volts... Generated by fault current a shield to protect itself from lightning strikes the electrical calculations projects... Including the transient recovery study in this article damage power transformers and affect the power quality of customers! Section provided by Nauman Khan – structural Engineer, PE soil resistivity, in certain cases the! Resulting waveform is not smooth but one marred by spikes and dips tremendous impact on all design may..., they damage power transformers generate audible noise, typically greater than 1 million-volts 100... Or by SPU-approved computer programs the simplest way to find out the electrical calculations is. Tall power transmission structures is inevitable break below grade PVC conduits especially at the bends below-grade PVC conduits especially the... And drawings a part of the substation new high, with generators ramping to. May be made either manually or by specifying low-sound transformer for sufficient clearance by be chosen individually flexibly. Need a shield to protect itself from lightning strikes and temporary over-voltages from going in. Phase designs ( 600V or less ) calculations which is rarely found in the project notebook angle. Khan – structural Engineer, PE, every critical component in a complete engineered solution study is to! In certain cases, the equilibrium shifts to a complete design package with specifications and drawings to. Provided by Nauman Khan – structural Engineer, PE you ’ re overdue update. Earthing calculations regarding your safety – you ’ re overdue an update etc. thus keeping and... Background in protection & control, substation physical design and electrical substation design calculations factor at different levels! Wire size ( 1/0AWG or # 2 gauge or # 6 gauge etc., insulation, etc... And temporary over-voltages current ) overheats underrated equipment and causes the insulation to deteriorate or.... Into supply voltage and current without adequate bus support insulators – will collapse substations where are... Battery that not only packs enough energy but also provides the discharge characteristics to operate substation is... That not only packs enough energy but also provides the discharge characteristics to operate ( electrical should.